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On April 14, 1912, the Titanic, the largest, most complex ship afloat, struck an iceberg and sank. The Titanic had a double-bottomed hull that was divided into 16 watertight compartments. Because at least four of these could be flooded without endangering the liner’s buoyancy, it was considered unsinkable. Unfortunately, these compartments weren’t sealed off at the top, so water could have just filled each compartment, tilting the ship, and then spilled over the top into the next one.

Following recent expeditions to examine the Titanic wreckage and a review of survivor accounts, it is now generally agreed that the iceberg scraped along the starboard side of the ship causing the plates to buckle and burst at the seams and producing several small ruptures in up to six of the first compartments. This is perhaps one of the all-time great failures to correctly modeling the interaction of uncertainty in the environment and the way it can couple with the dynamics of a system. A purely static view of the ship, one that ignored the dynamics of the interaction with the iceberg and the water flow between the compartments, would not have predicted the actual disaster.

From: Famous failure of complex engineering system.